excess

Compared meaning: an amount more than needed (noun).

比较义项：超出需要或限额的数量（名词）。

• excess 本词

  Implies an amount exceeding a set limit or what is allowed, often with a negative or troublesome connotation; commonly used attributively (excess baggage, excess weight) or with 'of'.

  指超出规定限额或允许范围的数量，常带负面或麻烦的意味；常作定语使用（如 excess baggage、excess weight）或与 of 连用。

  He paid extra for the excess baggage at the airport.

  他为超额的行李在机场多付了钱。

• surplus

  Implies extra amount left over after needs are met, usually neutral or positive; common in economic or agricultural contexts like budgets, harvests, or goods.

  指需求满足后剩余的多余数量，语气通常中性或正面；常见于预算、收成、商品等经济或农业语境。

  The farm produced a large surplus of vegetables this harvest season.

  这个农场在这次收获季生产了大量剩余的蔬菜。

Excess and surplus both mean an amount more than needed. Excess implies going beyond a set limit, often with a negative tone, as in 'excess baggage'. Surplus implies extra left over after needs are met, usually neutral or positive, common in budgets or harvests.

这两个词都指“超出的数量”，但语气不同：excess 强调超出了正常限额或需要，常带负面或麻烦的意味；surplus 强调需求满足后剩下的多余部分，语气中性甚至正面，常见于经济、农业等语境。

Compared meaning: more than what is needed (adjective).

比较义项：超出所需或正常数量的（形容词）。

• surplus

  Describes a quantity left over after all needs are met, often for goods, produce or money; formal, typically used before a noun describing stock or supply.

  指满足需求后剩余的数量，常用于货物、产品或资金；较为正式，通常放在名词前描述库存或供应量。

  The government auctioned off its surplus military equipment last year.

  政府去年拍卖了剩余的军用装备。

• extra

  The general, neutral word for more than the usual or expected amount; used freely with countable and uncountable nouns in everyday speech.

  是表示「超出通常或预期数量」最普通、中性的词，日常口语中可自由修饰可数和不可数名词。

  Can I get extra cheese on my pizza, please?

  我的披萨可以多加一些芝士吗，谢谢？

• spare

  Means kept unused and available as a backup for when it is needed, not simply 'more'; usually describes a single object kept in reserve.

  指备而不用、留作备用的东西，而不仅仅是「更多」；通常用来描述留作备用的单个物品。

  I always keep a spare tire in the trunk.

  我总是在后备箱里放一个备用轮胎。

• excess 本词

  Implies going beyond a normal, permitted or expected amount, often with a negative or problematic connotation; common in formal or regulatory contexts like luggage or weight.

  指超出正常、允许或预期的数量，常带有负面或成问题的意味；常见于行李、体重等正式或规定性语境。

  Airlines often charge a fee for excess luggage weight.

  航空公司常常对超重行李收取费用。

All four mean more than what is needed. Surplus describes leftover stock, produce, or money. Extra is the general, neutral word for more than usual. Spare means kept unused as a backup, not simply extra. Excess means going beyond a normal or allowed amount.

这四个词都可表示「超出所需或正常数量」，但语气和用法不同：surplus多用于正式语境中描述库存、产量或资金的剩余，excess强调超出限额或标准、常含负面意味，extra是最普通中性的说法，而spare则强调「留着备用、以防需要」，未必只是「多」。这里不比较spare表示「空闲的」（如spare time）或「瘦的」等其他义项。