reserve

Compared meaning: goods or money stored for future use (noun).

比较义项：为将来使用而储存的物资或资金（名词）。

• reserve 本词

  Reserve is a supply set aside for future or emergency use, often official or of a measured amount, without stockpile's suggestion of a large or excessive quantity.

  reserve 指为将来或紧急情况而预留的储备，通常是官方性质或有一定规模的储备，不像 stockpile 那样暗示数量庞大甚至过量。

  The central bank increased its foreign currency reserve to guard against a crisis.

  央行增加了外汇储备，以防范危机。

• stockpile

  Stockpile emphasizes a large, deliberately accumulated store of goods, often suggesting excess or precautionary hoarding, stronger in scale than reserve.

  stockpile 强调有意大量囤积的实物储备，数量庞大，有时带有防范性甚至过量囤积的意味，语气比 reserve 更强烈。

  Survivalists built a huge stockpile of food and water in their basement.

  生存主义者在地下室囤积了大量食物和水。

Reserve and stockpile both mean goods or money kept for future use. Reserve is an official, planned supply, like a currency reserve. Stockpile is a large, deliberately built store of goods, suggesting hoarding. This does not cover reserve as a verb or a nature reserve.

reserve 强调事先留存、备用的规范化储备（如外汇储备、应急储备），数量未必很大；stockpile 侧重大量、有意囤积的实物储备，语气上带有防范甚至囤货的意味。这里不比较 reserve 作动词表示“预订”（如预订座位）或作名词表示“自然保护区”等其他义项。

Compared meaning: to arrange in advance for a seat or ticket (verb).

比较义项：预先安排使用（座位、房间、票等）（动词）。

• book

  Book is the everyday, casual verb for arranging tickets, rooms, tables or personal appointments in advance; it is rarely used with abstract things and is common in spoken English.

  book是日常口语中最常用的词，指提前安排机票、房间、餐桌或个人预约（如看牙医）；它很少用于抽象的事物，常见于日常口语。

  I need to book a dentist appointment for next Tuesday.

  我需要预约下周二的牙医。

• reserve 本词

  Reserve is more formal than book and can extend to abstract things such as a right or a place, often appearing in written notices, policies or professional settings.

  reserve比book更正式，除了具体的物品（如座位、房间）外，还可以用于抽象的事物（如权利），常出现在书面通知、政策或正式场合中。

  The venue reserves the right to refuse entry to latecomers.

  场地保留拒绝迟到者入场的权利。

Book and reserve are close in meaning here, but differ in style. Book is casual and everyday. Reserve is more formal, and can also apply to abstract things, like reserving a right. This does not compare book as a noun meaning a book to read.

这两个词在“预订”这个意义上很接近，但语体不同：book更随意、日常化，reserve更正式，也可以用于抽象概念（如“保留权利”）。这里不比较book作名词时“书”的意思。