manage

Compared meaning: to be in charge of or watch over work (verb).

比较义项：负责管理或监督某项工作（动词）。

• manage 本词

  The broadest term: being in charge of a whole business, place, or set of tasks, including decisions about money, staff, and operations, not just watching people work.

  含义最广：全面负责一整个企业、场所或一系列事务，包括资金、人员和运营方面的决策，而不只是看着别人做事。

  She manages the company's finances, marketing, and staff.

  她负责管理公司的财务、市场营销和员工。

• oversee

  Implies a higher, less hands-on role: checking that work or a process is done correctly and meets standards, without doing the work yourself.

  含有更高层、不亲自动手的意味：负责检查工作或流程是否正确完成、是否符合标准，而不是自己动手去做。

  The engineer will oversee construction to ensure it meets safety codes.

  这名工程师将监督施工，以确保符合安全规范。

• supervise

  Implies closely and directly watching and directing people as they work, often continuously, such as staff, students, or trainees.

  含有近距离、直接地看管和指导正在工作的人的意味，通常是持续性的，比如员工、学生或受训人员。

  The teacher must supervise the children during recess.

  老师必须在课间休息时看管孩子们。

Manage, oversee, and supervise all mean being responsible for work. Manage is broadest, in charge of a whole business, including money and staff. Oversee means checking that work is done correctly, without doing it yourself. Supervise means closely watching people as they work.

这三个词在“负责或监督工作”这个意义上很接近，但监督的直接程度和对象不同：manage范围最广，强调全面负责；oversee强调不亲自动手、只做检查和把关；supervise强调直接、近距离地指导和看管做事的人。这里不比较manage表示“设法做到某事”的另一义项。

Compared meaning: to deal with a difficult situation (verb).

比较义项：设法应对或解决困难的事情、处境或问题（动词）。

• manage 本词

  Manage stresses actually achieving a difficult goal despite obstacles; it is result-focused and is very commonly followed by "to + verb", unlike the other two.

  manage 强调尽管遇到阻碍，最终仍然成功完成了困难的事情，侧重结果，且非常常与“to+动词”连用，这一点与另外两个词不同。

  She finally managed to fix the leaking pipe after several attempts.

  经过几次尝试，她终于设法修好了漏水的管子。

• cope

  Cope focuses on enduring or handling an ongoing difficult situation, such as stress or hardship, without necessarily solving it; it is almost always followed by "with".

  cope 侧重忍受或应付持续存在的困难处境（如压力、逆境），不一定意味着解决了问题，几乎总是搭配“with”使用。

  He struggled to cope with the loss of his job for months.

  他花了好几个月才勉强应付失业带来的打击。

• grapple

  Grapple emphasizes an intense, often prolonged struggle to deal with a hard, frequently abstract problem; success is not implied, and it always takes "with".

  grapple 强调为处理困难、往往是抽象的问题而进行的激烈且常常持续较久的挣扎，不意味着已经成功解决，且总是搭配“with”使用。

  Scientists are still grappling with the causes of the disease.

  科学家们仍在努力弄清这种疾病的病因。

Manage, cope, and grapple all mean dealing with something difficult. Manage stresses succeeding despite obstacles, with 'to'. Cope and grapple both take 'with': cope means enduring a hard situation, grapple means struggling with an abstract problem. Manage's 'run a business' sense is not compared.

这三个词在“应对困难”这一义项上意思相近，但侧重点不同：manage 强调最终成功完成某件难事，cope 强调忍受或应付持续存在的困难处境，grapple 强调为解决抽象难题而进行的激烈挣扎，不保证成功；这里不比较 manage 表示“经营、管理（企业等）”的常见义项。

Compared meaning: to deal with a task or problem (verb).

比较义项：处理、应付（某事或某种情况）（动词）。

• deal

  Only used with the preposition 'with' (deal with sth); a general, neutral way to describe handling a problem, situation, or task, without implying skill or success.

  只能与介词 with 连用（deal with sth）；是一种中性、笼统的说法，表示处理某个问题、情况或任务，并不暗示是否处理得巧妙或成功。

  We will deal with the paperwork first thing tomorrow morning.

  我们明天一早首先处理这些文件。

• manage 本词

  Emphasizes coping successfully, often despite difficulty or limited resources; frequently paired with 'to' (manage to do) or objects like people, time, or a business.

  强调尽管有困难或资源有限，仍然成功地应付过去；常与 to 连用（manage to do），也常接人、时间或企业等宾语。

  Somehow she managed the entire wedding by herself without any help.

  不知怎的，她一个人就处理了整场婚礼，没有任何人帮忙。

• handle

  A direct transitive verb (no preposition) suggesting practical, hands-on treatment of a specific problem, task, or person; often implies competence or proper procedure.

  是及物动词，不接介词，表示对具体问题、任务或人进行实际的、动手式的处理；常暗示处理得当或按照恰当的程序进行。

  The receptionist handled the complaint quickly and professionally.

  接待员迅速而专业地处理了这起投诉。

Deal, manage, and handle all mean dealing with a problem. Deal is only used with 'with', and is neutral about skill or success. Manage stresses coping successfully despite difficulty, often followed by 'to'. Handle is direct, without a preposition, suggesting hands-on, competent treatment.

这三个词在“处理、应付某事或某种情况”这个意义上很接近，但用法有别：deal 必须搭配介词 with（deal with sth），语气中性、笼统；handle 是及物动词，直接接宾语，强调具体、动手式地妥善处理；manage 则强调尽管有困难仍然设法成功应付，常与 to 连用。这里不比较 deal 作“交易、协议”的名词义，也不比较 manage 表示“经营、管理（企业或团队）”的意义，以及 handle 表示“用手操作、触摸”或“门把手”的意义。