confound

Compared meaning: to make someone puzzled or unsure (verb).

比较义项：使困惑，使不知所措（动词）。

• throw

  Informal, mostly spoken; typically 'throw someone', meaning to catch someone off guard or briefly confuse them, often with a tricky or unexpected question or situation.

  非正式，多用于口语；常用“throw someone”结构，指让人一时措手不及或短暂困惑，通常是因为一个刁钻或意外的问题或情况。

  The interviewer's sudden question threw him completely off guard.

  面试官突然提出的问题让他一下子措手不及。

• confuse

  Neutral, general-purpose word for making someone unable to think clearly, understand, or tell things apart; used in everyday, academic, and technical contexts, often with 'with'.

  中性、通用词，指让人无法清晰思考、理解或分辨事物；可用于日常、学术和专业语境，常与介词 with 连用（把……和……混淆）。

  Switching between two apps with similar icons can easily confuse users.

  在两个图标相似的应用之间切换，很容易让用户感到困惑。

• confound 本词

  Formal or literary; implies being confused and often surprised, usually because something defies expectation or explanation; frequently used in the passive, 'be confounded by'.

  较为正式或书面化；暗示既困惑又常常感到意外，通常是因为某事出乎预料或难以解释；常用于被动语态“be confounded by”。

  The strange results confounded doctors, who could not explain the sudden recovery.

  这些奇怪的结果让医生们大惑不解，他们无法解释病人突然康复的原因。

All three mean to make someone puzzled. Throw is informal, meaning to catch someone off guard, often with a tricky question. Confuse is the neutral, general word for this. Confound is formal, implying confusion plus surprise. Not compared: throw meaning toss things; confound meaning defeat.

这三个词在“使人困惑”这一义项上意思相近，但语气和使用场合不同：throw 多用于口语，指某事让人一时摸不着头脑；confuse 是最普通、中性的说法；confound 语气更正式、书面，常带有“出乎意料、难以解释”的意味。这里不比较 throw 的“投掷”义，也不比较 confound 的“挫败”义。